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Footnotes - Chapter 11: Freedom of Opinion, Expression and the Press


1. Source: “Burma Drops Further in Press Freedom Index,” Irrawaddy, 24 October 2006.

2. Source: “North Korea, Myanmar And Turkmenistan Top List Of 10 Most Censored Countries,” AP, 3 May 2006. 

3. Source: “Burma: Worst of the Worst in Freedom House’s Report,” DVB, 7 September 2006.

4. Source: Burma UN Service Office, 2005.

5. Source: “Will the National Convention end in 2006?” DVB, 11 December 2006.

6. Source: Conditions in Burma and U.S. Policy Toward Burma for the period September 28, 2005-March 27, 2006, Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs, Released to Congress 17 April 2006.

7. Source: Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any Part of the World: Situation of human rights in Myanmar, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, 7 February 2006.

8. Source: “Burmese Regime’s National Convention-What Is It Worth,” IMNA, 2 December, 2006.

9. Source: “Shut Up: Burmese Opposition Warned Not To Criticize Junta's Convention,” DVB, 14 December 2005.

10. Source: Burma Country Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007.

11. Source: “Student Group Initiates New Campaign to Free Political Prisoners,” Irrawaddy, 9 October 2006.

12. Source: Burma Briefing: Issues and Concerns Volume 1, Altsean, 24 November 2004.

13. Source: “Will the National Convention Legitimize the Junta,” Mizzima, 2 December 2005.

14. Source: “Rallies Staged to Support National Convention,” Irrawaddy, 16 January 2006.

15. Source: “Sieg Heil, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule,” DVB, 12 January 2006.

16. Source: “Burma Drops Further in Press Freedom Index,” Irrawaddy, 24 October 2006.

17. Source: “North Korea, Myanmar and Turkmenistan Top List of 10 Most Censored Countries,” AP, 3 May 2006.

18. Source: “Burma: Worst of the Worst in Freedom House’s Report,” DVB, 7 September 2006.

19. Source: “More Flexible Censorship Policies?” Irrawaddy, December 2005

20. Source: “Attacks on the Press in 2003,” CPJ, 19 May 2004.

21. Source: “Thanks to the Foreign Burmese Radio Services,” Narinjara News, 11 June 2003.

22. Source: “80 Percent of Akyab Residents Listening to Foreign Broadcasts,” Narinjara News, 23 June 2006.

23. Source “More Publications Granted in Myanmar,” Xinhua, 5 June 2006.

24. Source: “Ban on sensitive news extended despite assurances of more “flexible censorship policies”,” SEAPA, 28 August 2005.

25. Source: “More Flexible Censorship Policies?” Irrawaddy, December 2005.

26. Source: “Lack of Press Freedom Prevent People from Knowing Bird Flu Outbreak - Burmese Journalists,” DVB, 15 March 2006.

27. Source: “Media Training Workshop Held in Myanmar to Raise Public Awareness on Bird Flu,” Xinhua, 8 December 2006.

28. Source: “Mon Youth From Burma Attend Workshop Liberated Area,” Kaowao News, 9 January 2006.

29. Source: “Sunday News Programme: Press Freedom in Burma,” DVB, 7 May, 2006.

30. Source: Ibid.

31. Source: Burmese and Ethnic Press Struggle for Freedom and Permission,” IMNA, 3 May 2006.

32. Source: “A Tale of Two Cities,” Irrawaddy, 24 August 2006.

33. Source: “No Democracy or Phone Lines in Burma’s New Capital,” The Guardian, 28 March 2006.

34. Source: “Travel Costs Deter Media from Press Conferences,” DVB, 22 December 2006.

35. Source: “Two Journalists Jailed For Photos of Pyinmana,” Irrawaddy, 31 March 2006.

36. Source: “Two journalists arrested and summarily tried for filming,” CPJ, 4 April, 2006.

37. Source: Ibid.

38. Source: “Burmese Authorities Arrest People Secretly Photographing New Capital,” DVB, 16 January 2006.

39. Source: “Military Member Fired For Writing Political Satires,” Mizzima, 3 January 2006.

40. Source: “Ko Ko Gyi Saya: Burma Junta’s Media Reports Harmful For Reconciliation,” DVB, 26 August 2006.

41. Source: Burma Briefing: Issues and Concerns, Volume 3, Altsean, July 2006.

42. Source: BURMA: The Human Rights Situation in 2006, AHRC, 21 December 2006.

43. Source: “Junta Labels BBC and VOA-Evil and Wicked,” Irrawaddy, 21 April 2006.

44. Source: “The New Lies Of Myanmar: Murdered Victim Portrayed as Drunken Lout,” DVB, 23 March 2006.

45. Source: “Junta Labels BBC and VOA - Evil and Wicked,” Irrawaddy, 21 April 2006.

46. Source: “Burma Association Opens Journalism Course to Counter Attacks on Foreign Media,” New Light of Myanmar, 24 October 2006.

47. Source: “Myanmar Stresses Importance of Mass Media in National Construction,” Xinhua, 15 September 2005

48. Source: “Little Big Brothers: Burma's Officials to Take ‘News Reporter’ Course,” DVB, 18 September 2006.

49. Source: “USDA Counters Foreign Media in Exile in Arakan,” Mizzima, 4 August 2006.

50. Source: “Junta Cracking Down On Media Informers,” Irrawaddy, 10 February 2006.

51. Source: “Keeping Burma’s Majority Silent: ‘We Have Lost Our Future,’” The Age (Australia), 19 May 2006.

52. Source: “Military junta launches manhunt for informants of international news media,” RSF, 9 February 2006.

53. Source: “Ponna Gyunt Authorities Order Crack Down On Media Informers,” Narinjara News, 20 February 2006.

54. Source “More Publication Granted in Myanmar,” Xinhua, 5 June 2006.

55. Source: “Myanmar Terminates Some Publications,” Xinhua, 10 July 2006.

56. Source: “More Private Publications Granted in Myanmar,” Xinhua, 1 December 2006.

57. Source: “Magazine Delays Release After Censor Strips Top Stories,” Mizzima, 12 July 2006.

58. Source: “Burma’s Media Silent on Controversial Cartoons,” Irrawaddy, 15 February 2006.

59. Source: “Yangon Times Publish Messages from 88 Student Leaders,” DVB, 6 January 2006.

60. Source: "Ko Ko Gyi Says Burma Junta's Media Reports Harmful for Reconciliation," DVB, 26 August 2006.

61. Source: “Rights Experts Call for Release of Win Tin,” Mizzima, 13 March 2006.

62. Source: “UNESCO Calls for Burmese Journalist Win Tin’s Release,” DVB, 22 March 2006.

63. Source: Journalists in Prison: CPJ’s 2006 Census, CPJ, 7 December 2006.

64. Source: “Burmese Journalist is 76 But No Freedom Yet,” DVB, 11 March 2006.

65. Source: “RSF and BMA Demands the Release of Burma’s Win Tin,” DVB, 4 July 2006.

66. Source: “UNESCO Calls for Burmese Journalist Win Tin’s Release,” DVB, 22 March 2006.

67. Source: Journalists in Prison: CPJ’s 2006 Census, CPJ, 7 December 2006.

68. Source: “The 15th Reporters Without Borders - Fondation de France prize was presented in Paris on Tuesday, 12 December 2006,” RSF, 12 December, 2006.

69. Source: Journalists in Prison: CPJ’s 2006 Census, CPJ, 7 December 2006.

70. Source: Ibid.

71. Source: Ibid.

72. Source: “Imprisoned Author Monywa Aung Shin Health Deteriorates,” DVB, 1 March 2004.

73. Source: Journalists in Prison: CPJ’s 2006 Census, CPJ, 7 December 2006.

74. Source: Ibid.

75. Source: Myanmar: Travesties of Justice– Continued Misuse of the Legal System, AI, 12 December 2005.

76. Source: “Burmese Political Prisoner Than Win Hlaing Seriously Ill,” DVB, 25 January 2006.

77. Sources:BurmaCountry Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007; 2004 Education Report, ABFSU, February 2005.

78. Sources:Burma Country Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007; 2002 Education Report, ABFSU, May 2003.

79. Source:Burma Country Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007.

80. Source: 2004 Education Report, ABFSU, February 2005.

81. Source: Ibid.

82. Source: “Ex-teacher Jailed for Reporting Bad water Supply System in Central Burma,” DVB,3 January 2006.

83. Source: “Another Detained for Criticising Castor Oil Project in Burma,” DVB, 11 March 2006.

84. Source: “Detained Farmer Who Reported Corruption to SPDC Chairman Released,” DVB, 21 August 2006.

85. Source: “Irrawaddy Residents Jailed after Corruption Complaints,” DVB, 21 November 2006.

86. Source: “’Constructive Compromise’ Petition Launched in Burma,” Irrawaddy, 2 October 2006.

87. Source: “Campaign Nets More Than Half a Million Signatures,” Irrawaddy, 24 October 2006.

88. Source: “Junta Claims Petition Signers Were Tricked,” Irrawaddy, 26 October 2006.

89. Source: “Campaign Nets More Than Half a Million Signatures,” Irrawaddy, 24 October 2006.

90. Sources: “Two activists given long prison terms,” Irrawaddy, 14 November 2006; “Two Organisers of Burma Signature Campaign Said to get 14 year jail Terms,” DVB, 14 November 2006; Burma: The Human Rights Situation in 2006: The myth of state stability & a system of justice, AHRC,21 December 2006; “Burma NLD youth arrested of taking part in signature campaign,” DVB, 10 October 2006; “NLD youths deliberately arrested for political action – police officer,” DVB, 11 October 2006. “Lawless: Three years for Win Ko for leading signature campaign,” DVB, 19 October 2006; “Burma Pro-democracy Activist Sentenced to Three years,” Irrawaddy, 20 October 2006; “Myanmar Pro-democracy activist Sentenced to three years in prison,” AP, 20 October 2006; “NLD member Win Ko transferred to Paungde Jail,” DVB, 20 October 2006; “Student sentenced to three years in Prison for Petition Drive,” Narinjara News, 21 October 2006; “Lawyer not allowed to see Win Ko,” DVB, 26 October 2006.

91. Source: “Labour Activist Detained in Myanmar,” AFP, 2 November 2006.

92. Source: “Surprise Response to ‘White Campaign,’” Mizzima, 11 October 2006.

93. Source: “White Expression Campaign in Arakan for Detained Student Leaders,” Narinjara News, 13 October 2006.

94. Source: “Activists Organize Prayer Campaign,” Irrawaddy, 25 October 2006.

95. Source: “Activists Start Prayer Campaign,” Irrawaddy, 30 October 2006.

96. Source: “Over 2,000 Attend Prayer Ceremony for Release of Political Prisoners,” Mizzima, 31 October 2006.

97. Source: “Prayer Campaign Participants Harassed By Junta Agents,” DVB, 1 November 2006.

98. Source: “Myanmar Generals Threaten Action against Political Activists,” Japan Economic Newswire, 3 November 2006.

99. Source: “Christian Arrested and Detained for Writing to Burma Junta Chief,” DVB, 13 March 2006.

100. Sources: “Chin Protester Barred from Traveling to Rangoon,” Irrawaddy, 19 June 2006; “Solo Protestor Salai Tun Than Unable to Return to Burma,” DVB, 19 June 2006; “Thai Airways Refuse Access to Salai Tun Than,” Mizzima, 19 June 2006.

101. Source: “Solo Protestor Tun Tun Rearrested in Burma,” DVB, 10 July 2006.

102. Source: “Defiant: Solo Protester Tun Tun Released from Mental Asylum,” DVB, 10 August 2006.

103. Source: “Ex- Burmese Army Sergeant Stages Solo Protest in Rangoon,” DVB, 16 July 2006.

104. Source: “A Tarnished Red Ribbon,” Irrawaddy, 17 August 2006.

105. Source: “Three students from Burma’s Monywa Released,” DVB, 20 July 2006.

106. Source: “13 Burmese Pupils Arrested for Laying Wreath for Democracy Heroes,” DVB, 7 August 2006.

107. Source: “Movie Industry Struggling,” DVB, 1 December 2006

208. Source: Ibid.

109. Source: HRDU, 2005.

110. Source: “Video Filming on Mon Culture Stopped Despite Permission,” IMNA, 24 November 2006.

111. Source: “Junta Bans Comedy VCD,” Irrawaddy, 29 November 2006.

112. Source: Ibid

113. Source: “With Foreign Films Banned, Myanmar Moviemakers Bring Back Ghost Stories,” AFP, 19 July 2005

114. Source: “A Tiny Window on the U.S., Prized By Those Peering In,” The New York Times, 27 November 2006.

115. Source:BurmaCountry Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007.

116. Source: “Myanmar to Add More TV Relay Stations,” Xinhua, 20 September 2005.

117. Source: “Overcoming a TV Channel's Teething Problems,” Irrawaddy, 3 June 2005.

118. Source: “TV Channel in Norway Defies the Bad Generals,” AFP, 16 December 2005.

119. Source: “Paid TV Channel to Air on ‘Pilot Basis’ in Burma,” Xinhua, 27 November 2006.

120. Source: “Mon Singer Forced to Sing Burmese Song at Gunpoint,” IMNA, 17 May 2006.

121. Source: “In Myanmar, laughter is the only medicine, but a dose can be dangerous,” AP, 6 September 2006.

122. Source: “A Funny Thing is Happening on a Road in Mandalay-Brothers Get Last Joke,” The Courier Mail, 21 March 2006.

123. Source: “Burmese Comedian Zargana Gagged,” Irrawaddy, 16 May 2006; “Comedian banned from profession activities,” BMA, 17 May 2006.

124. Source: “Visiting UN official asked to intercede on behalf of newly banned filmmaker and detained journalists,” BMA, 18 May 2006.

125. Source: HRDU, 2005.

126. Source: “Media Group Slams Burmese Military Over Student Arrests,” Mizzima, 5 April 2006.

127. Sources: “Burmese students detained for writing and distributing poems,” DVB, 1 April 2006; “Burmese students from Pegu College detained for writing poem released,” DVB,13 April 2006; “Three Burmese youths on trial for writing a poem,” DVB,24 April 2006; “Three Burmese youths on trial for writing a poem,” DVB, 16 May 2006; “Another trial in connection with the ‘poem’ case in Lower Burma’s Pegu,” DVB, 25 May 2006; “Appeals for ‘poem’ youths from Pegu rejected by Burmese court,” DVB, 4 August 2006; “Lawyer still unable to appeal for youths imprisoned for writing poem,” DVB, 27 July 2006; “Rangoon Court Dismisses Poets’ Appeals,” DVB, 27 November 2006.

128. Source: “Performance Artists Arrested in Rangoon," Irrawaddy, 12 May 2005.

129. Source: “Burma Army Mobilizes Arakanese through Mobile Army Troupe,” Narinjara News, 5 November 2006.

130. Source: “Number of Registered Telephones in Myanmar Passes 500,000,” World Markets Analysis, 4 April 2006.

131. Source: “Crackdown on Illegal Use of Chinese Mobile Phones,” Irrawaddy, 10 August 2006.

132. Source: Ibid.

133. Source: “Junta Goes after Illegal Thai Telephones in Mon State,” IMNA, 26 October, 2006.

134. Sources: “Phone Owners Go into Hiding for Fear of Being Jailed,” IMNA, 2 November 2006; “Junta Goes after Illegal Thai Telephones in Mon State,” IMNA, 26 October 2006.

135. Source: “Use of Bangladeshi Mobile in Arakan Invites Fine,” Kaladan News, 6 December 2006.

136. Source: “Man in Possession of Mobile Phone Arrested in Maungdaw,” Narinjara News, 12 May 2006.

137. Source: “Man Arrested in Arakan for Holding Bangladesh Mobile,” Narinjara News, 27 July 2006.

138. Source: “10,000 Mobile Phones to be Sold in Rangoon,” DVB, 22 September 2006.

139. Source: “Dissatisfaction over Allocation of GSM Phones in Burma,” DVB, 25 September 2006.

140. Source: “13 Nations Denounced For Web Censorship,” AP, 8 November 2006.

141. Source: “Burma Number One Internet Enemy,” Mizzima, 7 November 2006.

142. Source: “Internet Users In Myanmar Number Nearly 300,000,” Xinhua, 8 November 2006.

143. Source: Internet Filtering in Burma in 2005: A Country Study, OpenNet Initiative, October 2005.

144. Source: Burma Country Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007.

145. Source: “Internet increasingly resembles an Intranet as foreign services blocked,” RSF, 4 July 2006.

146. Source: “Myanmar Strives to Improve Public Internet Services to Push ICT Development,” Xinhua, 4 October 2006.

147. Source: “Bagan Cybertech Reported to be Taken Over by MPT in Burma,” Mizzima, 26 September 2005.

148. Source: Internet Filtering in Burma in 2005: A Country Study, OpenNet Initiative, October 2005.

149. Source: "Internet increasingly resembles an Intranet as foreign services blocked," RSF, 4 July 2006.

150. Source: Burma Country Report on Human Rights Practices-2006, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 6 March 2007.

151. Source: “Google Ban Designed to Safeguard Revenue, Says Media Watchdog,” Irrawaddy, 5 July 2006.

152. Source: Internet Filtering in Burma in 2005: A Country Study, OpenNet Initiative, October, 2005.

153. Source: “Google Ban Designed to Safeguard Revenue, Says Media Watchdog,” Irrawaddy, 5 July 2006.